| Despite the complete lack of theological support, the Patriarchal Encyclical suggests forming of a “League of Churches”—a forerunner of the W.C.C.—on the model of the recently founded “League of Nations.” He formulates eight basic points on which the necessary good relations and friendship among the “churches” will be built. It is quite telling that the presuppositions and methods from that time went on to be eleven points which constituted the basic “constants” of Ecumenism followed step by step with absolute fidelity until our own days. Every time one of these steps is completed, the preparation for realizing the next one begins. The Patriarchal Encyclical describes these points as follows: 1) “By the acceptance of a uniform calendar for the celebration of the great Christian feasts at the same time by all the churches. 2) By the exchange of brotherly letters on the occasion of the great feasts of the churches’ year as is customary, and on other exceptional occasions. 3) By close relationships between the representatives of all churches wherever they may be. 4) By relationships between the theological schools and the professors of theology; by the exchange of theological and ecclesiastical reviews, and of other works published in each church. 5) By exchanging students for further training among the seminaries of the different churches. 6) By convoking pan-Christian conferences in order to examine questions of common interest to all the churches. 7) By impartial and deeper historical study of doctrinal differences both by the seminaries and in books. 8) By mutual respect for the customs and practices in different churches. 9) By allowing each other the use of chapels and cemeteries for the funerals and burials of believers of other confessions dying in foreign lands. 10) By the settlement of the question of mixed marriages among the confessions. 11) Lastly, by wholehearted mutual assistance for the churches in their endeavors for religious advancement, charity and so on.” |
| 180 Resolution and relevant passages horn the Lambeth reports collected in The Christian East, XI, 2, Summer 1930, – “Previous Lambeth Conferences and the Orthodox East”, p. 73 – 76 (based on The Six Lambeth Conferences, London, S.P.C.K.) 181 The whole story is told by W. J. Birkbeck: Birkbeck and the Russian Church, Containing Essays and Articles by the late W. J. Birkbeck, collected and edited by Athelstan Riley, London & New York, 1917, Chapter I; cf. also Life and Letters of W. J. Birkbeck, by his wife, with a preface by Viscount Halifax, Longmans, 1922; cf. The Life of Edward White Benson, sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, by his son, A. C. Benson of Eton College, v. II, London, 1899, p. 155 If. (based on information supplied by Mr. Riley). 182 See Birkbeck and the Russian Church for facts. Cf. Life and Letters of Mandell Creighton, D.D., Oxon. and Cam, Sometime Bishop of London, by his wife, 2 vols. London, 1905. In English: One Chapter from an Enquiry into the Hierarchy of the Anglican Episcopal Church, by Sokolov, The Church Printing Co., London; The Question of Anglican Orders, in respect of the “Vindication” of the Papal Decision, by A. Bulgakoff, Church Historical Society, S.P.C.K., London, 1899 (translated by Birkbeck). 184 Life of Bishop John Wordsworth, by E. W. Watson, Longmans, 1915, p. 217 ff., 339 ff. On his return to England, Bp. Wordsworth delivered a lecture at the summer school of Clergy at Oxford, July 27, 1898, which was then published: “The Church of England and the Eastern Patriarchates”, Oxford, Parker, 1898, p. 38. 185 The Russian Synodal “Epistle” was first published in English translation in The Guardian, August 28 and September 2, 1903, and is reprinted in Birkbeck and the Russian Church, ch. XX, p. 247 – 257; Birkbeck’s comments in the following chapter, 258 ff. 186 J.A. Douglas, The Relations of the Anglican Churches with the Eastern-Orthodox, especially in regard to Anglican Orders, London, 1921, p. 17. 187 Douglas, p. 66 f. – The recent summary of the doctrine of “Economy” is by Professor H. S. Alivisators: Economy according to the Canon Law of the Orthodox Church, Athens, 1949 (in Greek); some “extracts” from this book in English in Dispensation in Practice and Theory, S.P.C.K., 1944, p. 27 ff. More comprehensive is the monograph by Jeronymus I. Kotsonis (one time Archbishop of Athens), The Problems of “Ecclesiastical Economia” (Athens, 1957; in Greek; a French translation exists). |
| The same Sallust praises the great men of his own time, Marcus Cato, and Caius Cæsar, saying that for a long time the republic had no one great in virtue, but that within his memory there had been these two men of eminent virtue, and very different pursuits. Now, among the praises which he pronounces on Cæsar he put this, that he wished for a great empire, an army, and a new war, that he might have a sphere where his genius and virtue might shine forth. Thus it was ever the prayer of men of heroic character that Bellona would excite miserable nations to war, and lash them into agitation with her bloody scourge, so that there might be occasion for the display of their valor. This, forsooth, is what that desire of praise and thirst for glory did. Wherefore, by the love of liberty in the first place, afterwards also by that of domination and through the desire of praise and glory, they achieved many great things; and their most eminent poet testifies to their having been prompted by all these motives: These arts they exercised with the more skill the less they gave themselves up to pleasures, and to enervation of body and mind in coveting and amassing riches, and through these corrupting morals, by extorting them from the miserable citizens and lavishing them on base stage-players. Hence these men of base character, who abounded when Sallust wrote and Virgil sang these things, did not seek after honors and glory by these arts, but by treachery and deceit. Wherefore the same says, But at first it was rather ambition than avarice that stirred the minds of men, which vice, however, is nearer to virtue. For glory, honor, and power are desired alike by the good man and by the ignoble; but the former, he says, strives onward to them by the true way, while the other, knowing nothing of the good arts, seeks them by fraud and deceit. And what is meant by seeking the attainment of glory, honor, and power by good arts, is to seek them by virtue, and not by deceitful intrigue; for the good and the ignoble man alike desire these things, but the good man strives to overtake them by the true way. |
| ---. “De trinitate.” In Aurelii Augustini opera. Edited by W. J. Mountain. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, vols. 50, 50a. Turnhout, Belgium: Typographi Brepols Editores Pontificii, 1968. ---. “Epistulae.” In Sancti Aureli Augustini opera. Edited by A. Goldbacher. Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. 34, pt. 2. Vienna, Austria: F. Tempsky, 1895. ---. “In Johannis euangelium tractatus.” In Aurelii Augustini opera. Edited by Radbodus Willems. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, vol. 36. Tumhout, Belgium: Typographi Brepols Editores Pontificii, 1954. ---. “Sermones.” Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, vol. 38. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Paris: Migne, 1861. Barnabas. “Barnabae epistula.” In Epitre de Barnabe. Edited by R. A. Kraft. Sources Chretiennes, vol. 172. Paris: Cerf. 1971. Basil the Great (of Caesarea). “De humilitate.” In Patrologia Cursus Completus; Series Graeca, vol. 31. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Paris: Migne, 1857. ---. “De spiritu sancto.” In Basile de Cesaree: Sur le Saint-Esprit, 2nd ed. Edited by B. Pruche. Sources Chretiennes, vol. 17. Paris: Cerf, 1968. ---. “Epistulae.” In Saint Basile. Lettres, 3 vols. Edited by Y. Courtonne. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1957, 1961, 1966. ---. “Homiliae in hexaemeron.” In Basile de Cesaree: Homelies sur l " hexaemeron, 2nd ed. Edited by S. Giet. Sources Chretiennes, vol. 26. Paris: Cerf, 1968. ---. “Homiliae super Psalmos.” In Opera omnia. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologia Cursus Completus; Series Graeca, vol. 29. Paris: Migne, 1865. Bede the Venerable. “De tabernaculo et euasis eius ac vestibus sacerdotem libri iii.” In Bedae Venerabilis opera. Edited by D. Hurst. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, vol. 119a. Turnhout, Belgium: Typographi Brepols Editores Pontificii, 1969. ---. “Homiliarum evangelii libri ii.” In Bedae Venerabilis opera. Edited by D. Hurst. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, vol. 122. Turnhout, Belgium: Typographi Brepols Editores Poncificii, 1953. Caesarius of Arles. “Sermones.” In Caesarii Arelatensis opera. Edited by D. Germani Morin. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, vols. 103,104. Turnhout, Belgium: Typographi Brepols Editores Pontificii, 1953. |
| ---. John Chrysostom. “Adversus judaeos.” In Opera omnia. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologiae Cursus Completus; Series Graeca. vol. 48. Paris: Migne, 1863. ---. “Catechesis ultima ad baptisandos.” In Varia graeca sacra. Edited by A. Papadopoulos-Kerameus. St. Petersburg: Kirschbaum, 1909. ---. “In Genesim (homiliae 1–67).” In Opera omnia. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca, vol. 53. Paris: Migne, 1865. ---. “In Genesim (sermones 1–9).” In Opera omnia. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologiae Cursus Completus; Series Graeca, vol. 54. Paris: Migne, 1865. ---. “In Joannem (homiliae 1–88).” In Opera omnia. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Patrologiae Cursus Completus; Series Graeca, vol. 59. Paris: Migne, 1865. John of Damascus. “Expositio fidei.” In Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos. Edited by B. Kotter. Pacristische Texte und Studien, vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1973. Justin Martyr. “Dialogus cum Tryphone.” In Die altesten Apologeten. Edited by E. J. Goodspeed. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1915. Leander of Seville. “De institutione virginum et contemptu mundi.” In Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Latina, vol. 72. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Paris: Migne, 1865. ---. Letter to Diognetus. “Epistula ad Diognetum.” In A Diognete, 2nd ed. Edited by H.-I. Marrou. Sources Chretiennes, vol. 33. Paris: Cerf, 1965. Marius Victorinus. “Adversus Arium.” In Marii Victorini opera. Edited by Paul Henry and Peter Hadot. Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, vol. 83, pt. 1. Vienna, Austria: Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1971. Maximus the Confessor. “Ambiguorum liber.” In Patrologiae Cursus Completus, Series Graeca, vol. 91. Edited by J.-P. Migne. Paris: Migne, 1860. Maximus of Turin. “Collectio sermonum antiqua.” In Maximi episcopi Taurinensis sermones. Edited by Almut Mutzenbecher. Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, vol. 23. Turnhout, Belgium: Typographí Brepols Editores Pontificii, 1962. Nemesius of Emesa. “De natura hominis.“ In Nemesius of Emesa. Edited by B. Einarson. Corpus Medicorum Graecorum (in press). |
| MacKenna translation of Plotinus’ Enneads Marcus Dodd translation of Augustine’s City of God Nicean Post-Nicean Fathers Patrologiae Graeca Patrologiae Latlnae Sources Chretienne The Catechetical Oration ed by J H Srawley StVTHQ St Vladimir Theological Quarterly Studia Patristica Bibliography 1. Primary sources: Ancient Christian Writers (53 vols.). ed. by W.J. Burghardt & T.C. Lawler. New York, 1962. Aquinas, Thomas. Basis Works (2 vols.). trans. by A.C. Pegis. New York, 1945. Augustine of Hippo, The Confessions. trans. by E.B. Pusey. New York, 1949. The Soliloquies of Saint Augustine. trans. by T.F. Gilligan. New York, 1943. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History. trans. by S.E. Parker. Grand Rapids, 1962. Fathers of the Church (85 volumes), ed. by T.P. Halton, etc. Washington DC, 1946. Nassar, S., trans. & compl., Divine Prayers and Services of the Catholic Orthodox Church of Christ: Oktoechos, Menaion,Triodion, Pentecostarion. New York, 1961. Origen, Contra Celsus. trans. with an Introduction by H. Chadwick. Cambridge (Eng.), 1953. On First Principles. trans. with an Introduction by G.W. Butterworth (Koetschau text). London, 1936. An Exhortation to Martyrdom. On Prayer. First Principles. Prologue to the Commentary on the Song of Songs. Horn XXVII on Numbers. trans. with an Introduction by R.A. Greer. New York, 1979. Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graecae (162 vols.); Series Latinae (217 Vols.). ed. ;by J. P. Migne. Paris, 1857–1890. Philo, Works (10 vols.). trans. by F.H. Colson & G.H. Witaker. London, 1929–1962; Supplement in 2 volumes, Questions and Answers and On Genesis and Exodus. London, 1963. Plato, Works. ed. by E. Hamilton & H. Cairns. Princeton, 1973. Plotinus, The Enneads. trans. by S. MacKenna, Chicago, 1952 (Great Books of the Western World, 17). Roberts, A. & Donaldson, J., ed. & trans., The Ante-Nicene Fathers (10 vols.). Grand Rapids, Mich, 1886–1895. Schaff, P. & Wace, H., ed. A Select Library of Nicean and Post-Nicean Fathers of the Christian Church (15 vols.). |
| Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, d. 373. Contra gentes; and, De Incarnatione. Edited and translated by Robert W. Thomson. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971. xxxvi, 288 p. (Oxford early Christian texts.) English and Greek. Bibliography: p. ix-x. -. The Festal Epistles of S. Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria. Translated from the Syriac with notes and indices. Oxford: J. H. Parker, 1854. xxvi, 163 p. (A Library of fathers of the Holy Catholic Church anterior to the division of the East and West; 38.) Translated by Henry Burgess; edited by H. G. Williams. Includes hitherto unpublished Syriac text of parts of two letters (p. 141–146). -. The Letters of Saint Athanasius Concerning the Holy Spirit. Translated with introduction and notes by C.R.B. Shapland. London: Epworth Press, 1951. 204 p. Translation of Epistolae ad Serapione. -. On the Incarnation: The Treatise De incarnatione Verbi Dei. Translated and edited by Penelope Lawson; with a foreword by Walter Hooper; introduction by C. S. Lewis. NY: Macmillan, 1981. xxxiii, 91 p. Translation of De incarnatione. -. Select Treatises of St. Athanasius in Controversy with the Arians. Freely translated, with an appendix, by Joh n Henry Cardinal Newman. 5th ed. NY: AMS Press, 1978. 2 v. Vol. 2 is an appendix of illustrations. Reprint of the 1890 ed. published NY: Longmans, Green. Basil, Saint, Bishop of Caesarea, ca. 329–379. The Ascetic Works of Saint Basil. Translated into English with introduction and notes by W.K.L. Clarke. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; NY: Macmillan, 1925. 362 p. (Translations of Christian literature. Series I, Greek texts.) -. Gateway to Paradise. Edited by Oliver Davies. Translated by Tim Witherow. Introduction by A. M. Allchin. Brooklyn, NY: New City Press, 1991. 125 p. (Spirituality of the fathers, 1.) Bibliographical references: p. 125. -. Letters. Translated by Roy J. Deferrari. NY: G. P. Putnam’s Sons; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926–1934. 4 v. (Loeb classical library.) Greek and English on opposite pages. Vol. 4 includes Basil’s Address to Young Men on Reading Greek Literature, p. 363–435. |
| Bulgakov, Sergei Vasil’evich. Nastol’naia kniga dlia sviashchennotserkovno-sluzhitelei; sbornik sviedienii, kasaiushchikhsia preimushchestvenno prakticheskoi dieiatel’nosti otechestvennago dukhovenstva. Izd. 2., ispr. i dop. Khar’kov, Tip. Gub. pravleniia, 1900. [Reprinted: Graz, Akademischer Druck- u. Verlagsantalt, 1965.] 6, ii, 1272 p. “V etom izdanii ‘Otdel istoriko-statisticheskii’ ne pechataetsia.” Bychkov, Viktor Vasilevich. The Aesthetic Face of Being: Theology of Pavel Florensky. Translated from the Russian by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1993. Translation of Esteticheskii lik bytiia. Demetrius, of Rostov, Saint. 1651–1709. The Great Collection of the Lives of the Saints. Translated by Thomas Marretta. House Springs, MO: Chrysostom Press, 1995. Early Christian Biographies: Lives of: St. Cyprian, by Pontius; St. Ambrose, by Paulinus; St. Augustine, by Possidius; St. Anthony, by St. Athanusius; St. Paul the First Hermit, St. Hilarion, and Malchus, by St. Jerome; St. Epiphanius, by Ennodius; with a Sermon on the Life of St. Honoratus, by St. Hilary. Translated by Roy J. Deferrari, et al. NY: Fathers of the Church, 1952. xiv, 407 p. (The Fathers of the Church, a new translation; v. 15.) An Early Soviet Saint: The Life of Father Zachariah. Translated from the Russian by Jane Ellis; and with an introduction by Sir Joh n Lawrence. London: Mowbrays, 1976. xiv, 111 p. (Keston books; no. 6.) Ennodius, Magnus Felix, Saint, 474–521. The Life of Saint Epiphanius. A translation with an introduction and commentary by Sister Genevieve Marie Cook. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1942. xvii, 262 p. (Catholic University of America. Studies in medieval and renaissance Latin language and literature; vol. XIV.) Ford, David. Marriage as a Path to Holiness: Lives of Married Saints. South Canaan, PA: St. Tikhon’s Seminary Press, 1994. Kirchen im Kontext unterschiedlicher Kulturen: auf dem Weg ins dritte Jahrtausend; Aleksandr Men in memoriam (1935–1990). Herausgegeben von Karl Christian Felmy . . . et al.; redaktion, Wolfgang Heller. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991. 1031 p. English, French, and German. |
| Studies of the manuscripts of the Swedish Chronicle are also important for understanding this work. The first printed edition was carried out in 1818. A new publication was made by Gustaf Edward Klemming in 1860. Klemming based his edition on the manuscript D 407 in the Royal Library which he thought to be a copy ordered by Olaus Petri and penned under his control. Klemming also paid attention to the so-called Codex Sernskoldianus, which he presumed to contain an earlier version of the Chronicle. Another edition was accomplished in 1917 by Joran Sahlgren who noted that Codex D 407 was penned by two different scribes who apparently worked without contact with Olaus Petri. The studies were continued by Lars Sjodin. He concluded that there are two versions of the Chronicle: the shorter and the longer, both composed by Olaus Petri. Another scholar, Efraim Lundmark, counted five versions of the Chronicle and expressed the opinion that Olaus was assisted by other authors, including Laurentius Petri. These views were rejected by Westin who was convinced that there are only two versions of the Chronicle and that it was Olaus Petri alone who wrote this work. My study of the manuscript D 407 confirmed that the text is marked by corrections by scribes A and B. The corrections made by ‘scribe B’ sometimes make the text less logical. This confirms the conclusion that Olaus Petri was assisted by another author who edited the work. Probably, Laurentius Petri was the editor. Laurentius’s comments to the Resolution of Vasteras touch upon issues mentioned in the Chronicle, and this indicates that the two brothers shared the interest in particular historical subjects. Laurentius Petri also acted as an expert on heraldic issues, in the course of the contest concerning ‘The Three Crowns’. Laurentius proved that Sweden, in the ancient times, consisted of two kingdoms – Gotaland and Svealand, which had different insignia: the Lion and the Three Crowns. Studying the amendments made by ‘Scribe B’ in Olaus Petris chronicle, I came to the conclusion that they accentuate the dualistic character of ancient Sweden, which was important for the heraldic debate. |
| Prolegomena. I.–Literature. §1. Editions. All the Editions of the works of St. Ambrose which preceded that of the Benedictines are very inadequate. Of these the chief are the following: 1 . Venice, a.d. 1485. 2 . Cribellius, a.d. 1490. 3 . Auerbach, Basel, a.d. 1492, reprinted in 1506, with a full Index. These are very faulty Editions. 4 . Erasmus, Basel, a.d. 1527, reprinted and re-edited by different persons, in various places [by Baronius amongst others, a.d. 1549]. 5 . Gillot Campanus, Paris, a.d. 1568. 6 . Felix de Montalto [afterwards Pope Sixtus V.], Rome, a.d. 1580–1585, reprinted at Paris, a.d. 1603. 7 . The Benedictines of St. Maur, Paris, a.d. 1686–1690, reprinted at Venice, a.d. 1748 and 1781, as well as with additions by Migne, Patres Latini, Vols. XIV.–XVII. 8 . A new edition by Ballerini, Milan, a.d. 1875–1886, founded on that of the Benedictines, but by no means superior to it. There is still room for a critical edition of the works of this great Father, which are unfortunately very corrupt, but in many points it is not likely that the work of the Benedictine editors can be improved upon. 9 . There are separate editions of some of the treatises of St. Ambrose, as of the Hexaëmeron and De Officiis Clericorum, in the Bibliotheca Patrum Eccl. Latinæ Selecta, Leipzig, Tauchnitz. The De Officiis has also been edited, with considerable improvements in the text, by Krabinger, Tübingen, 1857, and the De Fide and De Pœnitentia, by Hurter in the Vienna selections from the Fathers. §2. Translations. There seems to have never been any attempt to translate the works of this great Christian Father and Doctor in full. Some few treatises, De Officiis, De excessu fratris Satyri, De Virginitate, and several other short ones, appear in German, in the select writings of the Fathers, published by Kosel of Kempten. The Epistles have been translated into French by Bonrecueil, Paris, a.d. 1746; and the De Officiis and Epistles into English, the former by Humfrey, London, a.d. 1637; the latter in the Oxford “Library of the Fathers,” revised by E. Walford, London, 1881; whilst the De Mysteriis appears in a little volume of Sacramental Treatises, published by Messrs. J. Parker & Co., Oxford, under the supervision of the Editor of this volume. There is a very valuable little monograph entitled Studia Ambrosiana, chiefly critical, and unfortunately brief, by Maximilian Ihm. Leipzig, Teubner, 1889. |
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