| 10526 See also Byrne, «Faith»; Talbert, John, 250; cf. 1Pet 1:8 . Faith here refers to faith in the resurrection (20:25, 27, 29; Hoskyns, Gospel, 540). 10527 The need to understand Scripture after the resurrection also fits the gospel tradition in Luke 24:25–27, 32,44–47 (Beasley-Murray, John, 373). 10528 Westcott, John, 290, favors Ps 16:10 , but no clues allow us to narrow down the range of possible verses. John 2could refer to Ps 69in John 2:17 , but that is likely only if the entire psalm is in view. 10529 See, e.g., Sipre Deut. 306.28.3; 329.2.1; b. Pesah. 68a; Sanh. 90b; Gen. Rab. 20:10. 10530 A frequent rabbinic interpretive method, e.g., Mek. Nez. 10.15–16,26,38; 17.17; Pisha 5.103; b. Ber. 9a; 35a; B. Qam. 25b; Git. 49a; Ker. 5a; Qidd. 15a; 35b; Menah. 76a; Naz. 48a; Nid. 22b-23a; Roš Haš. 3b; 34a; Sanh. 40b; 51b; 52a; Sabb. 64a; Tem. 16a; Zebah. 18a; 49b-50b; Exod. Rab. 1:20; cf. CD 7.15–20; Chernick, «Application.» 10531 Typical in Jewish sources (e.g., t. c Ed. 3:4; Sipre Num. 1.4.1; see much fuller documentation in comment on 7:23). 10532 Throughout this Gospel, δε usually stands for divine necessity (e.g., 3:14, 30; 10:16). 10533 E.g., Euripides Medea 928; Diodorus Siculus 17.37.3; Dionysius of Halicarnassus R.A. 7.67.2; 8.39.1; losephus Ant. 4.320. 10534 Their going out in 20may be simply «to them» (cf. 7:50) rather than to their homes (NRSV; NASB); in 20they are all together. 10535 Cf. Schneiders, «Encounter,» who argues that lohn presents Mary as the official witness of the resurrection, symbolic for the Johannine community (though her allusions to Song of Songs may be more dubious). 10536 Okure, «Commission.» Mary " s testimony may or may not (cf. Maccini, Testimony, 240–52) teach specifically about women " s testimony, but it prefigures Christian testimony in general, which implies the participation of women in that witness. 10537 Sanders, Figure, 280. 10538 Dio Cassius 58.4.5–6; 63.11.2–12.1. Josephus cites Jews» willingness to die for the law (Ag. Ap. 1.42–43). |
| 5842 Though ργον is a common term (over 130 occurrences in the LXX of the Pentateuch alone) it is significant here that it can apply to God " s act of creation ( Gen 2:2–3 LXX; Wis 13:1; Sib. Or. 1.22; cf. the verb in Philostratus Hrk. 25.8). Less likely is the proposal of Manns, «Oeuvres,» that Jesus carries out Jewish tradition " s «works of mercy.» 5843 For a probable implicit traditional link between Gen 2and Ezek 37 , see comment on John 20:22 . 5844 E.g., L.A.E. 51:1–2; 2 En. 33:1–2 J; Barn. 15.8; possibly T. Ab. 19:7A; 7:16B; see further the comment on John 5:25–30 . 5845 It may be associated with the feast in 7and perhaps identified as the (partly realized) eschatological «day» in John 8:56; 9:4; 11:9; 14:20; 16:23,26 ), perhaps partly associated with the cross (12:7; 19:31) and/or resurrection (the first day, 20:1,19). 5846 John 6does not count because «make» is properly attached to «sit down.» 5847 Elsewhere God «made» the human mouth, a synecdoche for God making people in various physical conditions (Exod 4:11). 5848 Such a relationship often invited reciprocity: Israel must love God ( ; Josh 22:5; 23:11; Neh 1:5; Dan 9:4 ). 5849 Possibly Ign. Magn. 7.1 (δι» εαυτο) alludes to John here (even in the shorter recension), especially in view of Ignatius " s νευ του πατρς οδν εποησεν. 5850 Meeks, «Agent,» 55. On the activity of the agent, see «agency» under Christology in our introduction, pp. 310–17. 5851 E.g., Epictetus Diatr. 1.9.32, εξ εμαυτο (John consistently prefers π, as in, e.g., Aelius Aristides Defense of Oratory 396, §135D). In John 10it indicates Jesus» independence from those who want him dead, but explicitly not independence from the Father; cf. 18:34. 5852 Sipre Deut. 5.1.1; 19.1.1; 25.5.1. 5853 Talbert, John, 125–26, takes the language of honor here as cultic (citing Josephus Ant. 1.156; 6.21; 1Tim 1:17; 6:16 ; Rev 4:9, 11; 5:12). On the early Christian understanding of Jesus receiving worship within the identity of the one God, see Bauckham, God Crucified, 34–35. |
| Jesus rescues his host " s honor by providing wine, and so increased his own δξα or honor, though in a hidden way not manifested to the public. 4574 But the statement about Jesus revealing his glory probably points more obviously to the biblical revelation of divine glory, as elsewhere in this Gospel (e.g., 12:41). John brackets all Jesus» signs with an emphasis on glory by an explicit connection with glory in the first and last signs identified by that title (2:11; 11:40). 4575 John here may echo Exod 16:7, where Israel sees God " s «glory» by his signs for them in the wilderness, namely, by providing food for their desires despite their unbelief. 4576 The LXX most explicitly connects signs with glory in Num 14:22 , also in the life of Moses. 4577 Yet Jesus does not stand for Moses in this comparison, but for the God who revealed his glory to Israel while Moses led Israe1. 4578 Later in his Gospel John provides the hermeneutical key for references to seeing Jesus» glory: in 12Jesus is the Lord whom Isaiah saw in his vision (Isa 6:1–5). That Jesus «manifests» his glory is also significant in a Johannine context (cf. 1:31; 14:21–22; 16:14–15; 17:6; 21:1, 14). Often the term φανερω (1:31; 3:21; 7:4; 9:3; 17:6; 21:1,14) refers to Jesus» «works» revealing character and identity, whether of people (3:21) or God (9:3), and especially to revealing Jesus» character and identity (1:31; 7:4; 21:1,14) or Jesus revealing the Father (17:6). 4579 The roughly equivalent term δεκνυμι applies to demonstrating the reality of Jesus» resurrection (20:20; cf. δεικνω in 2:18) and especially to revealing the Father " s character (5:20; 10:32; 14:8–9). By «believing,» the disciples respond to Jesus» sign in a manner paradigmatic for disciples (though the highest form of discipleship supersedes mere signs-faith, 20:29–31). Amazement is a typical response in ancient miracle accounts, including those of the Synoptics. 4580 John, however, emphasizes the association between miracles and faith, also present in the Synoptics and elsewhere in Greco-Roman antiquity. |
| 4459 In later times, wine was actually necessary for the Sabbath Kiddush and other festivities: b. Pesah. 102a, bar.; purportedly Tannaitic tradition in B. Qam. 69b; Šabb. 23b; Ta c an. 24a; cf. t. Ber. 3:8; Safrai, «Home,» 747. 4460 Safrai, «Home,» 759, citing b. Ketub. 7b-8a; cf. m. Ber. 1(where guests return from a wedding feast between midnight and dawn). 4462 T. Šabb. 17:4. Perhaps there is an implicit contrast between the original host of John 2and the host (Jesus) of 6:13, since in both cases Jesus must multiply the resources available to sustain a crowd. 4465 Derrett, Law, 235: the women, nearer the domestic quarters, could have learned of the situation before the men in the dining area. Hellenistic banquets with ample facilities typically separated women from men (e.g., Cicero Verr. 2.1.26.66–69; Cornelius Nepos pref.6–7; Mark 6:24 ), as did homes large enough to have separate quarters (in Hellenistic architecture, Xenophon Oec. 9.5; Lysias Or. 3.6, §97; Heliodorus Aeth. 5.34; 6.1). Like the waterpots (2:6) she was εκε (2:1), though not just as a prop (cf. Ashton, Understanding, 268). 4466 Safrai, «Home,» 759. Women may have drunk wine less than men (see Safrai, «Home,» 747). In much of ancient Mediterranean culture wives did not accompany husbands to banquets (Isaeus Estate of Pyrrhus 13–14), or at least to the male areas. 4467 Malina and Rohrbaugh, John, 69, suggest some of the pots may «have been borrowed from neighbors» for the wedding. But these were for purification (2:6), presumably for Passover (2:13); a bride would wash before a wedding ( Eph 5:26 ; Ferguson, Backgrounds, 54–55), but she would hardly need six pots! (Nor would guests for ritual handwashing before taking wine–p. Ber. 6:6.) 4469 Jacob in Gen 32:26–30 ; Moses in Exod 33:12–34:9; the Shunammite woman in 2 Kgs 4:14–28; Elisha in 2 Kgs 2:2, 4, 6, 9; and Elijah in 1 Kgs 18:36–37, 41–46 are cases in point. Mayer, «Elijah,» finds Elijah/Elisha imagery in this passage. 4470 Mark 5:27–34 (in light of the fact that it was ritually forbidden for her to touch the teacher, Lev 15:25–27 ); 7:24–30; 10:46–52; Matt 8:7–13 (taking v. 7 as a question) are cases in point; on insistent faith, cf. also ÓDay, «Faith.» Jesus» teachings on «obnoxious» persistence in prayer fit this image as well: e.g., Luke 11:5–13 (though αναδεια is, as Bailey and others have pointed out, related to shame and not to persistence, the idea of boldness in prayer is still present); 18:2–14. Examples of wise chutzpah could be multiplied in Cynic stories; e.g., Diogenes in Diogenes Laertius 6.2.34. Whitacre, Polemic, 84, points out that like the first disciples of ch. 1, she takes the initiative, but allows Jesus to dictate what will be done after that point (2:5). |
| When Jesus connects obedience with love, biblically literate Jewish hearers would immediately think of the associations between obeying God " s commandments and loving God (Exod 20:6; Deut 5:10; 7:9; 10:12; 11:1, 13, 22; 19:9; 30:16 ; Neh 1:5; Dan 9:4 ; Sir 2:15 ; 4Q176 frg. 16, line 4). Some might also recall wisdom tradition: love (αγπη) is the keeping (τρησις) of Wisdom " s laws (νμων; Wis 6:18). 8736 Jesus speaks of «having» and «keeping» the commandments. Jewish teachers debated whether knowing or doing Torah took precedence, but all agreed that both were necessary (see comment on 7:17). Given the abundance of ancient literature, it is not difficult to find other examples of selective revelation (14:21; cf. Acts 10:41). Thus, for example, Odysseus and the dogs witnessed Athene, but Telemachus could not (Homer Od. 16.159–163); perhaps more relevant, Apollo appears only to the good (who must also be great, not lowly; Callimachus Hymns 2 [to Apollo], 9–10); likewise, on his peoplés behalf, God reveals his glory to all except his people (3Macc 6:18). Some teachers also warned that their most special teachings were only for a select group, like initiates in the Mysteries. 8737 Nevertheless, Jesus» selective revelation (14:21) has roots in the historical Jesus tradition (e.g., Acts 10:41; cf. Mark 8:11–12 ; Matt 16:1, 21). The world is skeptical because Jesus does not manifest himself or his Father to the world (7:4) but only to his own (17:6); this takes the idea of a messianic or kingdom secret to a new (and more chronologically extended) leve1. But on the theological level, Jesus» selective revelation especially conforms to his identity in this Gospel; Wisdom was not manifest (φανερ) to the masses (Wis 6:22); likewise, in wisdom tradition, God becomes manifest (εμφανζεται) to those who do not disbelieve in her (Wis 1:2). 8738 Another allusion might have impressed itself more quickly on John " s first audience, however; as 14echoed Moses» request to be shown the Father, so might Judas " s desire to understand how only the disciples would receive the revelation in 14:22. 8739 |
| Asen. 14:12). 5421 E.g., Plutarch Nat. Q. 33 (after Mor. 919E, but preserved only in Latin). Cf. Athenaeus Deipn. 8.352a, where a traveler to Pella abstained after noticing that those who depended on the local well water looked sickly. 5428 For the connecting of these passages, see comment on 7:37. Allison, «Water,» is undoubtedly correct that the primary imagery in 4:10–14, as in 7:37–39, is the fountain of living water in the new Jerusalem. 5432 Cullmann, Worship, 83, sees the connection though he wrongly emphasizes baptism here, citing gnostic sects that drank baptismal waters. 5434 Beasley-Murray, John, 61. For magicians transmuting one substance into another, see Homer Od. 10.239–240; Ovid Metam. 14.414–415; p. Hag. 2:2, §5; Sanh. 6:6, §2. But Moses brought water from the rock (Exod 17:6; Num 20:11 ; Deut 8:15 ); and a prophet miraculously provided continuing sustenance for an unmarried woman in need (1 Kgs 17:12), who recognized a sinful background (1 Kgs 17:18). 5435 Many commentators note the misunderstanding (e.g., Bultmann, John, 181; Schnackenburg, John, 1:432). 5436 ÓDay, Revelation, 53, starts a new section with this command, which parallels Jesus» command in 4:7. 5438 Augustine Tract. Ev. Jo. 15.18.1 denied that Jesus merely wished to teach her through her husband (as, he thinks, in 1Cor 14:35 ; but that is probably not the sense even there–see Keener, Paul, 70–100), noting that he did not teach Mary in that way (he cites Luke 10:39–40; but then he reads allegorically: Bring your understanding, 15.18.2–15.20.1). 5440 She may also lack the head covering normally required for married women (sources in Keener, Paul, 22–30; more fully, idem, «Head Coverings»), but, given the midday sun, could be wearing one anyway. Given the emphasis on early marriage or speedy remarriage for most women in the broader culture (sources in Keener, Marries, 72–75; more fully, idem, «Marriage,» 681–82), people would wonder why an adult woman (five marriages suggests some age) would be unmarried. |
| 1061 Summons to «behold» in the Gospel (e.g., 1:29) may function pleonastically; for pleonasm in ancient rhetoric, see Quintilian 8.3.53–55; 9.3.46–47; Anderson, Glossary, 102; Black, «Oration at Olivet,» 88. 1062 Caird, Revelation, 5. Fiorenza, Revelation, 16, provides other evidence for the intentionality of Revelations Semitic style, which seems to imitate OT Hebraic patterns. In some conditions rhetoricians could value «radical departure from common idiom» (Anderson, Glossary, 48; cf. also λλοωσις, ibid., 16–17). 1065 Trites, Witness, 154–55, observes both similarities and differences between Revelation and John, allowing that the different emphasis may be due either to different authors or to different genre. 1066 See Hill, Prophecy, 85. Allusions to Jesus» parables also occur in other early Christian texts and interpolations; see Bauckham, «Parables.» 1067 Such chronological markers are admittedly not unique to Johannine literature (2 Bar. 22:1; Josephus Life 427; cf. 1 En. 41:1), and in Revelation they usually denote only the sequence of visions («saw,» 4:1; 7:1,9; 15:5; 18:1; «heard,» 19:1). 1068 Of course, Revelations «come» for revelation harks back to Exod 19:24; 24:12; 34:2, esp. in Rev 4:1. (Jewish texts continued to emphasize that Moses could not ascend until God summoned him, e.g., the Ethiopie title of Jubilees; Abot R. Nat. 2, §11 B; cf. L.A.B. 11:2; in later tradition, he ascended all the way to heaven, Pesiq. Rab. 20:4.) The language is imitated or paralleled in other apocalyptic passages (e.g., 1 En. 14:24–25, 15:1; 2 En. 21:3; 3 En. 41:1, 42:1, 43:1, 44:1, 47:1, 48A; b. Hag. 14b; Plutarch Divine Vengeance 33, Mor. 568A). 1069 On Rev 22:20, see Cullmann, Worship, 13; cf. idem, Christology, 201–10. The Aramaic formula appears in 1Cor. 16:22 ; see Fee, Corinthians, 838–39; Longenecker, Christology, 121; cf. Conzelmann, Corinthians, 300–301; Robinson, Studies, 154–57; idem, Coming, 26–27. 1070 The context probably suggests that love for other believers is in view (Beasley-Murray, Revelation, 75; cf. Robbins, «Apocalyptic,» 160), although love for God cannot be excluded. |
| Many private burials employed vertical shaft tombs, but this burial was in a cave, probably oriented horizontally (11:38). 7653 The stone (11:38) would keep animals from the body. 7654 Marthás objection about the stench (11:39) makes sense on natural human assumptions. Spices could cover the stench for a while, 7655 but after four days the stench of decomposition would be intense. 7656 Unlike ancient Egyptians, Jewish people did not embalm the dead to prevent decomposition 7657 but in this period actually encouraged decomposition to allow for secondary burial a year later. 7658 Yet Jesus challenges her to act in faith in his word, contrary to natural expectations. Although throughout the Gospel seeing signs often provokes the most basic level of faith, Jesus calls Martha, who already has confessed her faith (11:21–22, 27), to a deeper level of faith: if she believes, then she will see. Thus she would see God " s glory (11:40) in Jesus» sign (2:11), like Israel in the exodus (Exod 16:7, 10). In this case, the glory was the divine purpose for which Lazarus had died: that Jesus might be glorified (11:4), ultimately by the cross (see comment on 1:14; 11:4). The Gospel emphasizes Jesus» deity, which might be one reason that prayer preceded the miracles recorded to this point in only one case at most (cf. 6:11). 7659 Nevertheless, Jesus» prayer (11:41–42) would not strike an ancient Jewish-Christian audience as too unexpected; prayers often appear in Israelite and early Jewish healing stories. 7660 In earliest Christian literature public healings usually occurred by commands rather than by prayer (e.g., Mark 5:41 ; Acts 3:6), but prayer or a lifestyle of prayer often preceded such commands to be healed ( Mark 9:29 ; Acts 3:1; 9:40; 28:8). 7661 Lifting onés face toward heaven was a known posture for prayer (11:41; cf. 17:1), 7662 and (especially given some charges that Jesus was a magician) many people in the ancient Mediterranean would have distrusted a silent prayer. 7663 |
| 1. 7), который сам в свою очередь оказывается образом грядущей, открывающейся во Христе добродетели ( Tertull. De resurr. 61) и служит прообразом грядущих искушений Христа в пустыне ( Ambros. Mediol. In Luc. 4. 20; Aug. Ep. 55. 2). В любом случае христ. авторы подчеркивали, что речь не может идти о прямом, непосредственном созерцании Бога: М. не мог видеть Его плотскими очами ( Aug. De Trinit. 2. 15). Поскольку Бога нельзя увидеть телесными очами, то «очищенный изнутри» М. мог познавать Его зрением сердца и чувством ума, и то только отчасти; сказано: он смог увидеть Бога только «сзади» (Исх 33. 23), что следует понимать не буквально, а таинственным образом - как указание на то, что духовная божественная природа доступна только познанию ( Orig. De princip. II 4. 3). И хотя М. желал встречи с Богом, Которого нельзя увидеть, и остаться жить (Исх 33. 20-22), то Сам Бог Слово являлся к нему и говорил с ним, «как бы говорил кто с другом своим» (Исх 33. 11). И все же полностью возможность такого богообщения была раскрыта в эпоху НЗ и продемонстрирована наглядно в событии Преображения, когда Иисус Христос беседовал с М. лицом к лицу на горе (Мф 17. 3 - Iren. Adv. haer. IV 20. 9; Orig. In Exod hom. 12. 3). Покрывало на лице М. символически показывает, что в эпоху закона полное приобщение к божественной славе еще не было возможным. Снятие покрывала М. с лица во время беседы с Богом символизировало переход от неясного, буквального толкования постановлений закона к духовному созерцанию таинственного смысла Писания ( Basil. Magn. De Spirit. Sanct. 21; Orig. De princip. I 1. 2). Евр. народ слышал голос пророка, но не мог под покрывалом видеть его лицо, отражавшее божественную славу, подобным образом они слышат голос Христа, говорящий им посредством пророчеств ВЗ, но не видят Его ( Aug. Serm. 74 5//PL. 38. Col. 474; ср.: 2 Кор 3. 13). В то же время снятие М. покрывала при вхождении «пред лице Господа» (Исх 34. 34) символизирует народы, к-рые обратятся к Богу в будущем, как и христ. |
| The response of confusion (6:40–41) stems from an inadequate hermeneutic; they knew Jesus according to the flesh but missed his genuine identity, which could be understood only by the Spirit ( John 3:3, 11–12 ; cf. 2Cor 5:16–17 ; Matt 11:25; 16:17; Luke 10:21). 6172 Their grumbling (6:41; cf. 6:61; 7:32) recalls the grumbling of Exod 16:2, 6173 but in that case Israel grumbled before receiving the manna, whereas these hearers complain after receiving bread and the invitation of the ultimate satiation for their hunger. 6174 Perhaps because of their attitude at this point, these Galileans finally receive the ironically pejorative title «Jews,» that is, «Judeans.» 6175 The rejection of Jesus based on familiarity with him (6:42) undoubtedly reflects historical tradition ( Mark 6:1–6 ; Matt 13:53–58), 6176 while also serving John " s particular emphasis (1:11). Johns readers probably know the virgin birth tradition, which is earlier than either Matthew or Luke (their testimonies appear in accounts independent from one another), and if John does know this tradition (see comment on 7:41–42), 6:42 may presuppose the reader " s knowledge that the crowd " s claim to knowledge reveals ignorance. 6177 But John is more interested in their ignorance of Jesus» ultimate place of origin. That other outsiders admit ignorance of his place of origin (7:27) makes the present inadequate claim to know his place of origin all the more ironic. Jesus notes that the Father draws some to him (6:43–44), using biblical language for God drawing Israel to himself in the wilderness or the exile ( Jer 31:3 ; Hos 11LXX); 6178 the reader later learns that the Father draws such adherents through the proclamation of the cross ( John 12:32–33 ). 6179 Only those whom the Father gives to Jesus «come» to him in faith (6:37, 44). Jewish prayers such as the fifth benediction of the Amidah recognized God " s sovereignty even in granting repentance (cf. Rom 2:4 ). 6180 Like most of his Jewish contemporaries, John felt no tension between predestination and free wil1. 6181 Antinomies were in any case standard fare both in Greco-Roman rhetoricians and in Jewish writings. 6182 Because of increasing cosmic fatalism in late antiquity, philosophers had to begin defending a doctrine of free will previously taken for granted, and early Christian commentators likewise proved careful to emphasize that Jesus» statements do not deny free wil1. 6183 |
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