| 2684 Rengstorf, Apostolate, 27. For one comparison of Johannine and rabbinic agency as well as questions of dating, see Friend, «Agency.» 2685 E.g., Dix, Ministry, 228–30; Wanamaker, «Agent»; Witherington, Christology, 133–35; Meier, Matthew, 115; Grayston, Epistles, 125; Hunter, Romans, 24; Héring, 1Corinthians, 1; Ladd, Theology, 381; Ellis, Paul, 30; De Ridder, Dispersion, 124–26; Bruce, History, 184. 2686 E.g., Richardson, Theology, 324; Malan, «Apostolate,» 57 (contending, probably wrongly, that most now reject it; see Davies and Allison, Matthew, 2:153, who suggest that most rightly connect «apostle» with shaliach). 2687 Ehrhardt, Ministry, 5. 2688 Schmithals, Apostle, 106. 2689 Wilson, Gentiles, 114. 2690 See Foakes Jackson and Lake, «Development,» 327–28; Lake and Cadbury, Commentary, 54; Richardson, Theology, 285. Many scholars connect the NT church with Israel " s qahal (e.g., Cerfaux, Church, 100–105; Barth, People of God, 11–12; Bruce, Books, 84; Meeks, Christians, 79; Ladd, Theology, 109–10). The DSS had already adopted the Hebrew term for their own community (Gaster, Scriptures, 17; Pfeiffer, Scrolls, 50–51). 2691 Comm. in Ep. ad Ga1. 1.1, cited by Dix, Ministry, 228. 2692 Lightfoot, Galatians, 93–94, citing Epiphanius Haer. 30. 2693 Lake, «Twelve,» 46, finding only Herodotus Hist. 1.21 (cf. 5.38) for the latter usage. 2694 Lake, «Twelve,» 46, the one occasion being 3 Kgdms 14:6. 2695 Lake, «Twelve,» 46, citing Josephus Ant. 17.299–303. 2696 Lake, «Twelve,» 46. Anderson, Mark, 171, thinks it unlikely that Jesus regarded the Twelve as shaliachim, but reasonable that the Jerusalem church saw them in these terms. 2697 Conzelmann, Theology, 45–46; Bultmann, Theology, 2(Bultmann accepting the derivation from the shaliach). 2698 E.g., Käsemann, Romans, 5–6. 2699 Kirk, «Apostleship,» 252. 2700 B.Ketub. 99b-100a. 2701 B. Gif. 23a; cf. p. Gif. 2:6, §1. 2702 T. Ta c an. 3(trans. Neusner, 2:274); also m. Ber. 5:5; b. Naz. 12b. For the sender " s responsibility, see m. Me c i1. 6:1; but reportedly pre-Christian tradition in b. Qidd. 43a holds the agent liable even if the sender is liable also. |
| Neirynck, «Synoptics» Neirynck, Frans. «John and the Synoptics.» Pages 73–106 in L " évangile de Jean: Sources, rédaction, théologie. Edited by M. De Jonge. BETL 45. Gembloux: J. Duculot; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1977. Nepper-Christensen, «Discipel» Nepper-Christensen, Pou1. «Hvem var den discipel, som Jesus elskede?» Dansk teologisk tidsskrift 53 (1990): 81–105. Netzer, «Mqww " wt» Netzer, Ehud. «Mqww " wt-hthrh mymy byt sny byryhw [Miqvaot of the Second Temple Period at Jericho].» Qadmoniot 11 (1978):54–59. Neudecker, «Neighbor» Neudecker, Reinhard. « " And You Shall Love Your Neighbor as Yourself–I Am the Lord» ( Lev 19,18 ) in Jewish Interpretation.» Biblica 73 (1992): 496–517. Neugebauer, «Textbezüge» Neugebauer, Johannes. «Die Textbezüge von Joh 4,1–42 und die Geschichte der johannieschen Gruppe.» ZNW 84 (1993): Neusner, «Attributions» Neusner, Jacob. «Evaluating the Attributions of Sayings to Named Sages in the Rabbinic Literature.» JSJ 26 (1995): 93–111. Neusner, Beginning Neusner, Jacob. Judaism in the Beginning of Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984. Neusner, Biography Neusner, Jacob. In Search of Talmudic Biography: The Problem of the Attributed Saying. Brown Judaic Studies 70. Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1984. Neusner, «Cambiavalute» Neusner, Jacob. «I cambiavalute ne tempio: La spiegazione della Mishnah.» RivB 35 (1987): 485–89. Neusner, «Conversion» Neusner, Jacob. «The Conversion of Adiabene to Judaism.» JBL 83 (1964): 60–66. Neusner, Crisis Neusner, Jacob. First-Century Judaism in Crisis: Yohanan ben Zakkai and the Renaissance of Torah. Nashville: Abingdon, 1975. Neusner, «Death-Scenes» Neusner, Jacob. «Death-Scenes and Farewell Stories: An Aspect of the Master-Disciple Relationship in Mark and in Some Talmudic Tales.» HTR 79 (1986): 187–96. Neusner, «Development» Neusner, Jacob. «The Development of the Merkavah Tradition.» JSJ 2 (1971): 149–60. Neusner, «Foreword» Neusner, Jacob. Pages xxv-xlvi in Memory and Manuscript: Oral Tradition and Written Transmission in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity, with Tradition and Transmission in Early Christianity. By Birger Gerhardsson. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998. |
| Neusner, Legend Neusner, Jacob. Development of a Legend: Studies on the Traditions Concerning Yohanan ben Zakkai. StPB 16. Leiden: Brill, 1970. Neusner, New Testament Neusner, Jacob. Rabbinic Literature and the New Testament: What We Cannot Show, We Do Not Know. Valley Forge, Pa.: Trinity Press International, 1994. Neusner, «Pharisees» Neusner, Jacob. «Josephus» Pharisees: A Complete Repertoire.» Pages 274–92 in Josephus, Judaism, and Christianity. Edited by Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987. Neusner, Purities Neusner, Jacob. A History of the Mishnaic Law of Purities. 22 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1974–1977. Neusner, Sat Neusner, Jacob. There We Sat Down: Talmudic Judaism in the Making. Nashville: Abingdon, 1972. Neusner, Saying Neusner, Jacob. The Peripatetic Saying: The Problem of the Thrice-Told Tale in Talmudic Literature. Brown Judaic Studies 89. Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1985. Neusner, Traditions Neusner, Jacob. The Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees before 70. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1971. Newell, «Anger» Newell, K. N. E. «St Paul and the Anger of God.» Irish Biblical Studies 1 (1979): 99–114. Newell, «Forms» Newell, Raymond R. «The Forms and Historical Value of Josephus» Suicide Accounts.» Pages 278–94 in Josephus, the Bible, and History. Edited by Louis H. Feldman and Gohei Hata. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989. Newheart, «Reading» Newheart, Michael Willett. «Toward a Psycho-literary Reading of the Fourth Gospe1.» Pages 43–58 in «What Is John?» Readers and Reading of the Fourth Gospe1. Edited by Fernando F. Segovia. SBLSymS 3. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1996. Newmyer, «Climate» Newmyer, Stephen. «Climate and Health: Classical and Talmudic Perspective.» Judaism 33 (1984): 426–38. Newmyer, «Medicine» Newmyer, Stephen. «Talmudic Medicine: A Classicist " s Perspective.» Judaism 29 (1980): 360–67. Newport, " Ek» Newport, Kenneth G. C. «The Use of ek in Revelation: Evidence of Semitic Influence.» Andrews University Seminary Studies 24 (1986): 223–30. |
| Uniate: Churches of Eastern rite that have entered into union with Rome. Also known as »Greek Catholic» or «Byzantine Catholic». Bibliography Primary sources Acts of the Council of Chalcedon (ad 451) Trans. R. Price and M. Gaddis, vols. I–III, Translated Texts for Historians, 45, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2005. Acts of the Quinisext Council »In Trullo» (ad 692) Trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 14, pp. 359–408. Apostolic canons Trans. ANF, vol. 7, pp. 500–5. Apostolic constitutions Trans. ANF, vol. 7, pp. 391–505. Athanasius of Alexandria Against the Arians, trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 4, pp. 306–447. Against the Pagans ( " Contra gentes»), trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 4, pp. 4–30. Epistle to the Africans, trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 4, pp. 488–94. Letter to Marcellinus in The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus, trans. R. C. Gregg, New York: Paulist Press, 1980. The Life of St Antony, trans. C. White in Early Christian Lives, London: Penguin Books, 1998, pp. 7–70; The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus, trans. R. C. Gregg, New York: Paulist Press, 1980. On the Decrees, trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 4, pp. 150–72. On the Incarnation, trans. a religious of CSMV (Community of St Mary the Virgin, Wantage, Oxon.); St Athanasius on the Incarnation, London and Oxford: Mowbray, 1982. To Serapion, trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 4, pp. 564–6. Augustine of Hippo Confessions, trans. R. S. Pine-Coffin, Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd, 1961, reprinted. Barsanuphios and John of Gaza Barsanuphius and John, Questions and Answers, ed. and trans. D. J. Chitty, Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1966; Barsanuphe et Jean de Gaza. Correspondance: recueil complet, trans. L. Regnault, P. Lemaire and B. Outtier, Sablé-sur-Sarthe: Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Solesmes, 1972. Letters, vols. I–II, ed. John Chryssavgis, Washington, DC: CUA Press, 2006–7. Basil of Caesarea Commentary on the Prophet Isaiah, trans. N. Lipatov, Texts and Studies in the History of Theology, 7, Mandelbachtal, Germany and Cambridge: Edition Cicero, 2001. |
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| Divine Liturgy, trans Archimandrite Ephrem Lash, www.anastasis.org.uk/basil_liturgy.htm. Epistle 38, To his Brother Gregory, trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 8, pp. 137–41. On authenticity, see A. Casiday, «Church Fathers and the shaping of Orthodox theology» above, n. 21. Hexaemeron, trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 8, pp. 52–107. Homily Against Anger, trans. Nonna Verna Harrison in St Basil the Great: On the Human Condition, Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 2005, pp. 81–92. Letters, trans. Sr Agnes Clare Way, CDP, St Basil, Letters, vols. I–II, Washington, DC: CUA Press, 1951–5. On the Holy Spirit, trans. D. Anderson, Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 1997; NPNF, series 2, vol. 8, pp. 1–50. On the Origin of Humanity, trans. Nonna Verna Harrison in St Basil the Great: On the Human Condition, Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 2005, pp. 49–64. On the Words, »Be Attentive to Yourself’, trans. Nonna Verna Harrison in St Basil the Great: On the Human Condition, Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 2005, pp. 93–105. Clement of Alexandria The Instructor (Paedagogus), trans. ANF, vol. 2, pp. 209–98. Clement of Rome First Epistle to the Corinthians, trans. K. Lake in The Apostolic Fathers, vol. V, Cambridge, MA, and London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1912; repr. 1959, pp. 9–121. Diadochus of Photike One Hundred Practical Texts of Perception and Spiritual Discernment from Diadochos of Photike, trans. and ed. J. E. Rutherford, Belfast: Belfast Byzantine Enterprises, 2000. Didache Staniforth, M. (trans.), Early Christian Writings, London: Penguin Books, 1968; rev. edn 1987, pp. 191–9. (Ps-)Dionysius the Areopagite On the Divine Names, trans. C. Luibheid in Pseudo-Dionysius. The Complete Works, New York and Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1987, pp. 49–131. Dorotheus of Gaza Discourses and Sayings, trans. E. Wheeler, Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1977. Eusebius of Caesarea Oration on the Tricennalia of Constantine, trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 1, pp. 581–610. Evagrius Ponticus Chapters on Prayer, trans. G. E. H. Palmer, P. Sherrard and K. Ware, The Philokalia, I, pp. 55–71; cf. The Praktikos, below. |
| The Life in Christ, trans. C. J. deCatanzaro, Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 1974. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain (Mt Athos), with St Makarios of Corinth A Handbook of Spiritual Counsel, trans. P. A. Chamberas, New York: Paulist Press, 1989. The Philokalia, 5 vols. (see below for vols. I–IV in translation). The Rudder (Pedalion), trans. D. Cummings, Chicago: Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957. Origen Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, trans. T. P. Scheck, Washington, DC: CUA Press, 2001. Commentary on the Gospel According to John, trans. R. E. Heine, Washington, DC: CUA Press, 1989–93. " Commentary on the Gospel according to Matthew», ed. E. Klostermann and E. Berg, Origenes Werke, vol. XI: Origenes Matthäuserklärung, GCS 38, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs 1933; rev. edn U. Treu, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1976. Homilies on Jeremiah, trans. J. Clark Smith, Washington, DC: CUA Press, 1998. Homilies on Joshua, trans. B. J. Bruce, Washington, DC: CUA Press, 2002. On First Principles, trans. G. W. Butterworth, Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1973. Peter Damascene Treasury of Divine Knowledge, trans. G. E. H. Palmer, P. Sherrard and K. Ware in The Philokalia, III, pp. 74–281. Philokalia The Complete Text, compiled by St Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain and St Makarios of Corinth, vols. I–IV, trans. G. E. H. Palmer, P. Sherrard and K. Ware, London: Faber and Faber, 1979–95. Photius Letters, ed. B. Laourdas and L. G. Westerink in Epistulae et Amphilochia, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1983–8. The Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit, trans. J. P. Farrell, Brookline, MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 1987. Romanos the Melode Kontakia on the Life of Christ, trans. Archimandrite Ephrem Lash, San Francisco, London and Pymble: HarperCollins, 1995. Sayings The Sayings of the Desert Fathers. The Alphabetical Collection, trans. B. Ward, London and Oxford: Mowbray, 1975; rev. edn 1981. Symeon the New Theologian Hymns of Divine Love, trans. G. A. Maloney, Denville, NJ: Dimension Books, 1978. Theodore of Stoudios |
| Homily on the Enjoyment of Future Goods, PG 51, cols. 352–3. John Climacus Ladder of Divine Ascent, trans. C. Luibheid and N. Russell, CWS, London: SPCK, 1982. John of Damascus (or Damascene) Exposition of the Orthodox Faith or Fountainhead of Knowledge, trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 9, pp. 1bis–101bis; ed. B. Kotter, OSB, Die Schriften des Johannes von Damaskos, vol. II, Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1969, pp. 7–239. On the Divine Images: Three Treatises Against Those Who Attack the Icons, trans. D. Anderson, Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 1980. John Moschos The Spiritual Meadow, trans. J. Wortley, Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1992. Lenten Triodion Trans. Mother Mary and K. Ware, London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1978. Ps-Macarius Pseudo Macarius. The Fifty Spiritual Homilies and the Great Letter, trans. G. A. Maloney, SJ, New York and Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1992. Maximus the Confessor Ambigua, ed. PG 91, cols. 1032–417. " Difficulties» 1, 5, 10, 41 and 71, trans. A. Louth, Maximus the Confessor, London: Routledge, 1996. The Church " s Mystagogy, trans. G. C. Berthold in Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings, New York and Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1985, pp. 183–225. Opusculum II, ed. PG 91, cols. 137–40. Questions to Thalassius, trans. P. M. Blowers and R. L. Wilken in On the Cosmic Mystery of Jesus Christ. Selected Writings from St Maximus the Confessor, Crestwood, NY: SVS Press, 2003, pp. 131–43. Record of the Trial, ed. and trans. P. Allen and B. Neil in Maximus the Confessor and His Companions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 49–73. Methodius of Olympus On the Resurrection, trans. (partially) ANF, vol. 6, pp. 364–77; ed. G. N. Bonwetsch, Methodius, GCS 27, Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1917, pp. 219–424. Nicene Creed Trans. NPNF, series 2, vol. 14, p. 3. Nicephorus Three Refutations against Constantine, ed. PG 100, cols. 205–534; French trans., M.-J. Mondzain-Baudinet, Nicéphore: contre les iconoclastes, Paris: Klincksieck, 1989. Nicolas Cabasilas |
| 1542 So Safrai, «Literature»; cf. Visotzky, «Prolegomenon.» Silberman, «Use,» after critiquing an incorrect use of the sources, notes that he is not suggesting that the use of such sources be abandoned. Buchanan, «Use,» is among those who suggest guidelines. 1543 Cf. Sanders, Judaism, 413, concerning details about the Pharisees, complaining that Josephus provides only general observations. 1545 Vermes, Religion, 8–9. He may identify the rabbinic movement too closely with common Judaism, however (Vermes, Religion, 184). 1548 His mentor, Morton Smith, was among the early defenders, e.g., «Method,» although Neusner reports a later falling out between them (Neusner, New Testament, 4). The conservative Ben Zion Wacholder of Hebrew Union College replied to Smith " s article in «Reply.» Arguments for the reliability of early rabbinic sources, especially the Mishnah, were deemed important at least as early as 1925 (Oesterley, Liturgy, 16–35). 1549 Cf. Sanders, Jesus to Mishnah, 166–254,309–31, where he takes him to task on aspects of his methodology. 1550 Ibid., 110–13. Neusner acknowledges the development of his views on some matters (Saying, 181–87). 1551 See Neusner, New Testament, 106–24. Part of the issue may be semantic; Neusner himself (in «Pharisees») sees only relatively small differences in beliefs between Pharisees and other Jewish groups. 1553 Ibid., 57–58, claims only 3–5 percent of the materials in Gen. Rab. overlap with Lev. Rab. (This evaluation addresses shared stories or sayings, not customs or ideas.) 1555 Because Neusner " s scholarship, like that of most scholars, has matured and changed over time, we focus especially on one of his works rather than seeking to generalize about «the views of Neusner.» 1556 «Nearly all pre-70 traditions were thoroughly revised at Yavneh and afterward» (Neusner, Traditions, 3:239). Lieberman, Hellenism, 91–92 also observes that pupils sometimes mixed up which teacher said something, and that teachers also sometimes revised their own opinions, leaving contradictory versions of the teacher " s ruling or opinion (cf. p. B. Qam. 2:6, §3); this introduces complications into some post-70 attributions as wel1. |
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