| 10 tiny churches around the UK Source: The Guardian October 16, 2016 Dixe Wills set off on a pilgrimage round Britain in search of diminutive places of worship. Here he picks 10 of the most unusual, from a chapel built by prisoners of war in the Orkneys to a plywood labour of love in a Norfolk garden. While only one of these churches is Orthodox, many of them can be of interest to Orthodox readers as they are under the patronage of pre-schism Western saints rightly venerated by the Orthodox. St Thomas à Becket, Fairfield, Kent In a flat, lonely corner of Romney Marsh, this church is blessed with an atmospheric beauty that is only enhanced by its desolate surroundings. The steeply pitched red-tiled roof of the nave, topped by a bell-cote that resembles a castle turret, marks the building out from the common stock. If it looks familiar it may be because it featured in the recent television and cinema adaptations of Dickens’ Great Expectations. The church today is the result of many piecemeal building efforts but, overall, it is how it would have looked in the 18th century. By rights, it shouldn’t be here at all. Fairfield has always had an atomised population and so its church was built with the idea that it might not be needed for very long. Thus a small lath-and-plaster structure was first thrown up on this spot at some time around 1200. The Italian Chapel, Orkney Photograph: Alamy In January 1942, the small, northerly isle of Lamb Holm became home to some of the 1,200 Italian soldiers brought to Orkney. Although the prisoners built themselves a theatre and a recreation hut, they lacked a chapel. After some gentle cajoling, the camp padre with the artist, Domenico Chiocchetti, got the prisoners permission to erect a chapel from two Nissen huts, joined end to end. Visit the chapel today and you’ll see what an extraordinary job the Italian soldiers did – they plasterboarded the huts, fashioned an altar out of concrete and installed windows filled with painted glass. Chioccetti himself painted the sanctuary and his Madonna and Child altarpiece is the chapel’s crowning glory. In 1960, the BBC paid for him to freshen up his masterpiece. He returned four years later, this time bearing a gift of 14 stations of the cross, which can still be seen in the chapel. St Swithun-upon-Kingsgate, Winchester, Hampshire |
| Лит.: Auerbach E. Der Wechsel des Jahres-Anfangs in Juda im Lichte der neugefundenen Babylonischen Chronik//VT. 1959. Vol. 9. P. 113-121; idem. Die Umschaltung vom Judäischen auf den Babylonischen Kalender//Ibid. 1960. Vol. 10. P. 69-70; Moor J. C., de. New Year with Canaanites and Israelites. Kampen, 1972. 2 vol. (Kamper Cahiers; 21-22); Clines D. J. A. The Evidence for an Autumnal New Year in Pre-Exilic Israel Reconsidered//JBL. 1974. Vol. 93. N 1. P. 22-40 (Idem// Idem. On the Way of the Postmodern. Sheffield, 1998. Vol. 1. P. 371-394); Kedar-Kopfstein B. Hag//ThWAT. 1977. Bd. 2. S. 730-744; Kutsch E. «(?)am Ende des Jahres»: Zur Datierung des israelitischen Herbstfestes in Ex 23:16//ZAW. 1981. Bd. 83. N 1. S. 15-21; Mach D. Feste und Feiertage. III. Judentum//TRE. 1983. Bd. 11. S. 107-115; Otto E. Feste und Feiertage: II. Altes Testament//Ibid. S. 96-106; Kronholm T. Sâkak//ThWAT. 1986. Bd. 5. S. 838-856; Levine B. A. Leviticus. Phil., 1989. (JPSTC); Toorn K., van der. The Babylonian New Year Festivals: New Insights from the Cuneiform Texts and their Bearing on Old Testament Study//Congress Volume: Leuven, 1989/Ed. J. A. Emerton. Leiden, 1991. P. 331-339. (VTS; 43); Hartley J. E. Leviticus. Dallas, 1992. (WBC; 4); Klein J. Akitu//ABD. 1992. Vol. 1. P. 138-140; Reeves J. C. The Feast of the First Fruits of Wine and the Ancient Canaanite Calendar//VT. 1992. Vol. 42. N 3. P. 350-361; Rochberg-Halton F. Calendars. Ancient Near East//ABD. 1992. Vol. 1. P. 810-814; Vanderkam J. C. Calendars, Ancient Israelite and Early Jewish//Ibid. P. 814-820; Cohen M. E. The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East. Bethesda, 1993; Staubli T. Die Bücher Levitikus, Numeri. Stuttg., 1996. (NSK.AT; 3); Houtman C. Bundesbuch: Ein Kommentar. Leiden; N. Y., 1997. S. 294-311. (DMOA; 24); Pardee D. Dawn and Dusk: (The Birth of the Gracious and Beautiful Gods)//The Context of the Scripture/Ed. W. W. Hallo, K. Lawson Younger. Leiden, 1997. Vol. 1. P. 275; Grünwaldt K. Das Heiligkeitsgesetz Levitikus 17-26: Ursprüngliche Gestalt, Tradition und Theologie. |
| Pöhlmann. Die Weltanschauung. – Pöhlmann R. von. Die Weltanschauung des Tacitus München, 1913 2 . Pokorny. Wörterbuch. – Pokorny J. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bd 1. Bern – München, 1959. Polaschek. Ptolemaios. – Polaschek E. Ptolemaios als Geograph. – RE 1965, Supplbd. 10. Poljenakovit. Bevi. – Poljenakovi B. Bevi. – RIEB. 1936, t. 2. Polome. Position. – Polome E.G. The position of Illyrian and Venetic. – Ancient Indo-European dialects. Berkeley – Los Angeles, 1966. Popescu. Inschriften. – Popescu E. Die spätgriechischen Inschriften aus Kleinskythien. – Dacia. Bucuresti, 1969, vol. 13. Popescu. Beiträge. – Popescu E. Epigraphische Beiträge zur Organization des Skythischen Limes im 4–6 Jh. – Akten des XI. Internationalen Limeskongress. Budapest, 1977. Popovic. Geschichte. – Popovic J. Geschichte der serbokroatischen Sprache. Wiesbaden, 1960. Popovic. Strava. – Popovic J. Quel etait le people pannonien qui parlait μσος et Strava? – ЗРВИ. 1961, 7. Powell. A lexicon. – Powell J.E. A lexicon to Herodotus. Hildesheim, I960 2 . The pre-italic dialects. – The pre-imalic dialects of Italy. Vol. 1. Pt. 1. The Venetic inscriptions by R. Conway. L., 1933. Preda. Coins. – Preda C. The Byzantine coins – an expression of the relations between the Empire and the populations north of the Danube in the 6–13 cent. – Relations between the autochtonous population and the migratory populations. Bucuresti, 1975. Pritsak. Fürstenliste. – Pritsak O. Die bulgarische Fürstenliste und die Sprache der Protobulgaren. Wiesbaden, 1955. Pritsak. The Slavs. – Pritsak O. The Slavs and the Avars. – Gli. Slavi occidentali e mendionali nell " alto medioevo. Spoleto, 1983. Prosdocimi. Venetico. – Prosdocimi A.L. Venetico. – Studi Etruschi. Firenze, 1972, t. 40. Reffel. Sprachgebraú-h. – ReffelH. Über den Sprachgebrauch des Agathias. Kempen, 1894. Reitzenstein. Zur Textgeschichte. – Reitzenstein R. Zur Textgeschichte der Germania. – Philologus. Lpz., 1898, Bd. 57. Reitzenstein. Tacitus. – Reitzenstein R. Tacitus und sein Werk. Lpz. – В., 1927. |
| Feuerbach L. Das Geheimnis des Opfers oder der Mensch ist was er isst//Ludwig Feuerbach Sämtliche Werke/Ed. W. Bolin, F. Jodl. Bd. 10. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1960. S. 41–67. Fiebig P. Das Vaterunser. Ursprung, Sinn und Bedeutung des christlichen Hauptgebetes. Gutersloh, 1927. Furnish V. P. The Moral Teaching of Paul. Nashville, 1979. Giraudo C. La struttura letteraria della preghiera eucaristica. Roma, 1989. Goar J. Euchologion sive Rituale Graecorum. Venezia, 1730 (Graz, 1960). Grabar A. L’âge d’or de Justinien. De la mort de Théodose à l’Islam. Paris, 1966. Grumel V. L’auteur et la date de composition du tropaire Μονογενς//Revue des études byzantines 132. 1923. P. 398–418 Herman E. Die häuftige und tägliche Kommunion in den byzantinischen Klöstern//Memorial L. Petit. Bucharest, 1948. P. 203–217. Hill D. The Gospel of Matthew. London, 1972. Hollemann A. W. J. Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 1786 and the Relationship between Ancient Greek and Early Christian Music//Vigiliae Christianae 26. No 1, 1972. P. 1–17. Howard Marshall I. Last Supper and Lord’s Supper. Paternoster, 2005. Humphreys C. The Mystery of the Last Supper. Cambridge, 2011. Hurtado L. W. Lord Jesus Christ. Devotions to Jesus in Earliest Christianity. Grand Rapids; Cambridge, 2003. Hurtado L. W. One God, One Lord: Early Christian Devotion and Ancient Jewish Monotheism. 2nd ed. Edinburgh, 1998. Hutcheon C. R. “A Sacrifice of Praise”: A Theological Analysis of the Pre-Sanctus of the Byzantine Anaphora of St Basil//St. Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly 45:1. 2001. P. 3–23. Jacob A. Histoire du formulaire grec de la Liturgie de Saint Jean Chrysostome. Louvain, 1994. Jacob A. Le chandelier à trois branches de l’évêque Pantoléon: A propos de l’inscription de Georges de Gallipoli//Bolletino della Badia greca di Grottaferata, 1999. Vol. 53. P. 187–199. Jaubert A. La date de la Cène. Calendrier biblique et liturgie chrétienne. Paris, 1975. Jeremias J. Abba. Studien zur neutestamentlichen Theologie und Zeitgeschichte. Göttingen, 1966. |
| Heron 1973 – The two Pseudo-Athanasian dialogues against the Anomoeans. JThS 24 1973. p. 101–122. –The Holy Spirit in Origen and Didymus the Blind: A Shift in Perspective from the Third Fourth Century, in: Kerygma und Logos. FS C. Andresen zum 70 Geburtstag, 1979/80. S. 298–310. Heston E. The spiritual life and the Role of the Holy Ghost in the Sanctification of the Soul, as described in the works of Didymus of Alexandria. , Diss. St. Meinrad//Notre-Dame. Indiana. 1938. 61 р. Roma Univ. Gregor.//рец.: CW. 1939. 33. р. 63. Sister Rose Marie. Hiltbrunner Ο. Didymus der Blinde. Der kleine Pauly, Lexikon der Antike 2. 1967. S. 14. Hönscheid 1975 – Hönscheid J. Didymus der Blinde. De Trinitate. Buch I – II. Meisenheim. 1975. Jülicher Α. Didymus der Blinde. PRE Bd. I. Stuttgart 1903. S. 474–475. Kehl 1964 – Kehl A. Der Psalmenkommentar von Tura. Quaternio IX. (Pap. Colon. Theol. I), hrg. Köln/Opladen. 1964. Klostermann 1905 – Klostermann E. Über des Didymus von Alexandrien „In epistulas canonicas enarratio». TU 28, 2. Leipzig J. C. Hinrichs. 1905. Koenen 1960 – Koenen L. Ein theologischer Papyrus der Kölner Sammlung. Kommentar Didzmos’ des Blinden zu Zach. IX, 11 und 16. APF. 17. 1960. р. 61–105. Kramer 1978 – Kramer B. Protokol eines Dialogs zwischen Didymos dem Blinden und einem Ketzer. ZPE 32. 1978. p. 201–211. Kramer 1981 – Kramer B. «Didymus von Alexandrien. In Theologische Realenzyklnpädie. ed G. Krause and G. Müller. Vol. 8. 741–746. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1981. Kramer B. & J 1987 – Kramer B. & Kramer J. Les éléments linguistiques hébreux chez Didymos l’Aveugle. )Alexandr_na. Hellenisme, juudaisme et christianisme a Alexandrine. Mélanges offerts a Claude Mondésert. Paris Ed. de Cerf 1987. 313–323. Kramer B. Didymus der Blinde. TRE 8. 1981. S. 741–746. Kramer 1971 – Kramer J. Einige Bemerkungen zum dritten Band des Ekklesiastes-Kommentars des Didymos. ZPE. 7. 1971 г. стр. 188–192. Kramer B. Kramer J. Les éléments linguistiques Hébreux chez Didyme L» Aveugle. ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΙΝΑ mélange oferts à Claude Mondésert. Paris 1987. S. 313–323 |
| Rubin В. Das Zeitalterjustinians. Berlin, 1960–1995. 2 Bde. Sansterre J.-M. Les moines grecs et orientaux à Rome aux époques byzantine et carolingiennë milieu du VI е s. – fin du IX е s. Bruxelles, 1983. 2 vol. Sarkissian K. The council of Chalcedon and the Armenian church. New York, 1965. Schäfer P. Judeophobiä attitudes towards the Jews in the ancient world. Cambridge (Mass.), 1997. Scharf R. Foederatï von der völkerrechtlichen Kategorie zur byzantinischen Truppengattung. Wien, 2001. Segal J.B. Edessä ‘the blessed city’. Oxford, 1970. Seibt W. (hrsg.). Die Christianisierung des Kaukasus. Wien, 2002. Shahid I. Rome and the Arabs: a prolegomenon to the study of Byzantium and the Arabs. Washington, 1984. Shahid I. Byzantium and the Arabs in the fifth century. Washington, 1989. Shahid I. Byzantium and the Arabs in the sixth century. Washington, 1995–2002. 2 vol. Shaw B.D . Rulers, nomads and Christians in Roman North Africa. Al-dershot, 1995. Spieser J.-M. Urban and religious spaces in late antiquity and early Byzantium. Aldershot, 2001. Stathakopoulos D.C. Famine and pestilence in the late Roman empire and early Byzantine empirë a systematic survey of subsistence crises and epidemics. Aldershot, 2004. Stetz S. Θεα βασιλεα: Hellenistic theory and the foundations of imperial legitimacy, AD 270–395. Ann Arbor, 1974. Teixidor J. The pagan god: popular religion in the Greco-Roman Near East. Princeton, 1977. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine/Ed. N. Lenski. Cambridge, 2006. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian/Ed. M. Maas. Cambridge, 2005. Treadgold W. Early Byzantine historians. Basingstoke, 2007. Trimingham J.S. Christianity among the Arabs in pre-Islamic times. London, 1979. Verosta S. Johannes Chrysostomus: Staatsphilosoph und Geschichtstheo-loge. Graz; Wien; Köln, 1960. Wallis R.T. Neoplatonism. London, 1972. Ward-Perkins B. The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. Oxford, 2005. Whitby Ma. (ed.). The propaganda of power: the role of panegyric in late antiquity. Leiden, 1998. |
| 130 Origen describes the power enjoyed by the Jewish patriarch in his own day, which made him, by imperial concession, συγχωροντος το βασιλως, a virtual king of the Jewish folk. He continues: ‘There even take place trials according to the law of Moses, secretly [or ‘quietly’, λεληθτως] and men are condemned to death, neither entirely openly, nor yet without the knowledge of the emperor.’ Juster exalted this into a proof a fortiori of unfettered jurisdiction before 70. But he paid no attention to the qualification λεληθτως. Mommsen saw that this suggests a situation, which is equally possible for the pre-70 period, in which the municipal government took as much rope as it dared. The most likely solution is that the Sanhedrin was allowed in the procuratorial period a limited criminal jurisdiction, both for police purposes in the Temple area and for the maintenance of the Jewish law. The scriptural tradition, both in Acts and the Gospels, suggests that the Roman procurators objected to capital sentences for theological offences. But the fairly well-attested question of adultery is different. Juster oddly makes no use of the story in John of the stoning of the woman taken in adultery. 131 Even if this story is not textually canonical it is historically good material. Perhaps it is too ambivalent for Juster: no Sanhedrin is mentioned and the story suggests a lynching. Yet here is an offence of which the Roman public law itself had recently taken cognizance in the lex Iulia de adulteriis, though not as a fully capital crime. This is the sort of local custom which might be ratified under the Roman system of toleration. But, as the evidence stands, the only certain exception to the general rule that the municipal authorities of the Empire were refused capital jurisdiction is that the Sanhedrin possessed certain powers of this sort in connection with the maintenance of public order in the Temple area. Anything else should either belong to the jurisdiction of the procurator or require his sanction. |
| Garnsey, Peter. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2008. Thinking about Property: From Antiquity to the Age of Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gates, Hill. 1989. “The Commoditization of Women in China.” Signs 14 (4): 799–832. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. “Deep play: notes on the Balinese cockfight.” In The Interpretation of Culture. New York: Basic Books. Geertz, Hildred, and Clifford Geertz. 1975. Kinship in Bali. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gernet, Jacques. 1956. Les aspects economiques du bouddhisme dans la societe chinoise du Ve au Xe siecle. Paris: Ecole francaise d " Extreme-Orient. English version: Centuries (Franciscus Verellen, translator). New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. 1960. “Les suicides par le feu chez les bouddhiques chinoises de V e au X e siècle,” Melange publies par l " InstitutdesHautesEtudes II: 527–558. 1982. A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gerriets, Marilyn. 1978. Money and Clientship in the Ancient Irish Laws. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Toronto. 1981. “The Organization of Exchange in Early Christian Ireland.” Journal of Economic History 41 (1): 171–176. 1985. “Money in Early Christian Ireland according to the Irish Laws.” Comparative Studies in Soci- ety and History 27 (2): 323–339. 1987. “Kinship and Exchange in Pre-Viking Ireland.” Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 13: 39–72. Getz, Trevor R. 2003. “Mechanisms of Slave Acquisition and Exchange in Late Eighteenth Century Anomabu: Reconsidering a Cross-Section of the Atlantic Slave Trade.” African Economic History 31:75–89. Ghazanfar, Shaikh M. 1991. “Scholastic Economics and Arab Scholars: The " Great Gap “Thesis Reconsidered.” Diogenes: International Review of Humane Sciences; no. 154:1117-133. 2000. “The Economic Thought of Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali and St. Thomas Aquinas: Some Compara- tive Parallels and Links.” History of Political Economy 32 (4): 857–888. 2003. “Medieval Islamic economic thought: filling the “great gap” in European economics. New York: Routledge. |
| Goodenough E. R. An Introduction to Philo Judus. Yale University Press; Oxford University Press, 1940. Gould B. The Philosophy of Chysippus. London: E. J. Brill, 1970. Goulder M. D. Ignatius «Docetists»//Vigiliae Christianae, 1999. Vol. 53. P. 26–30. Grant R. M. Athenagoras or Pseudo-Athenagoras//Harvard Theological Review. 1954. 47. P. 121–129. Gundry R. H. Soma in Biblical Theology: With Emphasis on Pauline Anthropology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Guthrie K. S. Numenius of Apamea, the father of neo-Platonism: works, biography, message, sources, and influence. London: G. Bell and sons, 1917. Hägg H. F. Clement of Alexandria and the Beginnings of Christian Apophaticism. Oxford Early Christian Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Harnack A., von. History of Dogma. Dover Publications. In 7 vols. New York: Dover Publications, 1961. Vol. 2. Heidel W. A. Περ Φσεως. A Study of the Conception of Nature Among the Pre-Socratics//Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1910. Vol. 45. 4. P. 79–133. Hennessey L. R. A Philosophical Issue in Origen’s Eschatology: The Three Senses of Incorporeality//Origeniana Quinta/ed. Daly R. J. Louvain; Paris: Peeters, 1992. P. 373–380. Itter A. C. Esoteric Teaching in the Stromateis of Clement of Alexandria, Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009. Jonas H. Delimitation of the Gnostic Phenomenon – Typological and Historical//Origins of Gnosticism. Leiden: Brill, 1967. P. 90–108. Kahn C. H. Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960. Karavites P. Evil-Freedom and the Road to Perfection in Clement of Alexandria (Vigiliae Christianae Supplements). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 1999. Keating D. A. Divinisation in Cyril: The Appropriation of Divine Life//Theology of St. Cyril of Alexandria. Critical appreciation. New York: Routledge, 2000. Koen L. The Saving Passion. Incarnational and Soteriological Thought in Cyril of Alexandriás Commentary on the Gospel according to St. John. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1991. |
| G. Irish Churches and Monastic Buildings. Dundalk, 1955–1960. 3 vol.; Mooney C. Franciscan Architecture in Pre-Reformation Ireland//J. of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 1955. Vol. 85. Pt. 2. P. 133–173; 1956. Vol. 86. Pt. 2. P. 125–169; 1957. Vol. 87. Pt. 1. P. 1–38; Pt. 2. 103–124; Henry F.Irish Art in the Early Christian Period, to 800 A. D. L., 1965; idem.Irish Art during the Viking Invasions, 800-1200 A. D. L., 1967; idem. Irish Art in the Romanesque Period, 1020–1170 A. D. L., 1970; eadem. Studies in Early Christian and Medieval Irish Art. L., 1985. Vol. 3; Stalley R. A. Architecture and Sculpture in Ireland, 1150–1350. Dublin; N. Y., 1971; idem.The Cistercian Monasteries of Ireland. L.; New Haven, 1987; idem. Ireland and Europe in the Middle Ages: Selected Essays on Architecture and Sculpture. L., 1994; idem. Hiberno-Romanesque and the Sculpture of Killeshin//Laois: History and Society. Dublin, 1999. P. 89–122; idem. Irish Round Towers. Dublin, 2000; idem. Ecclesiastical Architecture before 1169//A New History of Ireland. Oxf., 2005. Vol. 1: Prehistoric and Early Ireland. P. 714–743; Dixon H. An Introduction to Ulster Architecture. Belfast, 1975; De Breffny, B., Mott G. The Churches and Abbeys of Ireland. L., 1976; Lanigan K. M., Tyler G. Kilkenny: Its Architecture and History. Kilkenny; Dublin, 1977; Harbison P., Potterton H., Sheehy J.Irish Art and Architecture from Prehistory to the Present. L., 1978; Barrow G. L. The Round Towers of Ireland: A Study and Gazetteer. Dublin, 1979; Guinness D. Georgian Dublin. L., 1979; Rowan A. J. North West Ulster: The Counties of Londonderry, Donegal, Fermanagh and Tyrone. Harmondsworth, 1979; Lober R.A Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Ireland, 1600–1720. L., 1981; Craig M. The Architecture of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to 1880. L., 1982; Richardson D. S. Gothic Revival in Ireland. N. Y., 1983. 2 vol.; Werner M. Insular Art: An Annotated Bibliography. Boston, 1984; Rae E. C. Architecture and Sculpture, 1169–1603//A New History of Ireland. |
|
|
